HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF CYPRINUS CARPIO TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/ephijer.v3i3.168Abstract
Water bodies face severe environmental pollution risks, and among the riskiest aquatic pollutants are pesticides. Cyprinus carpio is a cosmopolitan fish species found in freshwater that is extremely sensitive to toxic substances and is a very good bioindicator of aquatic ecosystem health. This study tested the hematological effect of lambda-cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, on Cyprinus carpio using Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin, hematocrit measurements, white blood cell (WBC), and red blood cell (RBC) counts after a 14-day exposure. Temporal changes were assessed by blood sampling on Days 0, 7, and 14. The results indicated lambda-cyhalothrin exposure caused significant reductions in RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, indicating impaired oxygen transport, but with increased WBC counts, suggesting an immune reaction to toxic stress. The observations demonstrate the negative impacts of pesticide exposure on fish physiology and justify the application of hematological biomarkers as sensitive markers of aquatic contamination. The research provides the critical information necessary for understanding lambda-cyhalothrin sublethal toxicity and highlights the necessity for strict regulation and pesticide runoff monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. Effective biomarker-based surveillance tools are essential for the protection of aquatic biodiversity and long-term ecological stability.
References
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20. Naz, S., Hussain, R., Ullah, Q., Chatha, A. M. M., Shaheen, A., & Khan, R. U. (2021). Toxic effects of some heavy metals on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Catla catla). Environmental science and pollution research, 28, 65336539.
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22. Qayoom, I., Balkhi, M. H., Shah, F. A., & Bhat, B. A. (2018). Toxicological evaluation and effects of organophosphate compounds on the hematological profile of juvenile common carps (Cyprinus carpio var. Communis). Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52(10), 1469-1475.
23. Ramesh, M., & Saravanan, M. (2008). Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, exposed to chlorpyrifos. International journal of integrative biology, 3(1), 80-83.
24. Rezaei, M., Mashinchian Moradi, A., Mortazavi, P., & Jamili, S. (2020). Effects of chronic exposure to carbamazepine on hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio. Iranian journal of fisheries sciences, 19(1), 443-456.
25. Saravanan, M., Kumar, K. P., & Ramesh, M. (2011). Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane. Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology, 100(3), 206-211.
26. Sepici-Dinçel, A., Benli, A. Ç. K., Selvi, M., Sarıkaya, R., Şahin, D., Özkul, I. A., & Erkoç, F. (2009). Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: biochemical, hematological, and histopathological alterations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(5), 1433-1439.
27. Thangam, Y., Jayaprakash, S., & Perumayee, M. (2014). Effect of copper toxicity on hematological parameters of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(9), 50-60.
28. Velisek, J., Stara, A., Kolarova, J., & Svobodova, Z. (2011). Biochemical, physiological, and morphological responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after long-term exposure to terbutryn in real environmental concentration. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100(3), 305-313.
29. Vinodhini, R., & Narayanan, M. (2009). The impact of toxic heavy metals on the hematological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 6(1), 23-28.
30. Wakil, W., Kavallieratos, N.G., Eleftheriadou, N., Haider, S.A., Qayyum, M.A., Tahir, M., Rasool, K.G., Husain, M., & Aldawood, A.S. (2024). A winning formula: sustainable control of three stored-product insects through paired combinations of entomopathogenic fungus, diatomaceous earth, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 31, 15364 - 15378.
31. Witeska, M., Kondera, E., Szymańska, M., & Ostrysz, M. (2010). Hematological Changes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after Short-Term Lead (Pb) Exposure. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(4).
32. Woo, S. J., Kim, N. Y., Kim, S. H., Ahn, S. J., Seo, J. S., Jung, S. H., ... & Chung, J. K. (2018). Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 209, 18-27.
2. Ahmad, Z. (2011). Acute toxicity and haematological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio ) caused by diazinon exposure. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(63), 13852-13859.
3. Al-Ghanim, K. A. (2011). Impact of nickel (Ni) on hematological parameters and behavioral changes in Cyprinus carpio (common carp). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(63), 13860-13866.
4. Blahova, J., Modra, H., Sevcikova, M., Marsalek, P., Zelnickova, L., Skoric, M., & Svobodova, Z. (2014). Evaluation of biochemical, haematological, and histopathological responses and recovery ability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after acute exposure to atrazine herbicide. BioMed Research International, 2014(1), 980948.
5. Bojarski, B., Osikowski, A., Hofman, S., Szała, L., Szczygieł, J., & Rombel-Bryzek, A. (2022). Effects of exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide on haematological parameters, plasma biochemical indices, and the microstructure of selected organs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Folia Biologica (Kraków), 70(4), 213-229.
6. Brucka-Jastrzębska, E., & Protasowicki, M. (2005). Effects of cadmium and nickel exposure on haematological parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 35, 29-38.
7. Chatterjee, A., Bhattacharya, R., Chatterjee, S., & Saha, N. C. (2021). λ cyhalothrin induced toxicity and potential attenuation of hematological, biochemical, enzymological, and stress biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio L. at environmentally relevant concentrations: A multiple biomarker approach. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 250, 109164.
8. Cui, B., Feng, L., Pan, Z., Yu, M., Zeng, Z., Sun, C., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., & Cui, H. (2015). Evaluation of Stability and Biological Activity of Solid Nanodispersion of Lambda-Cyhalothrin. PLoS ONE, 10.
9. Drastichova, J., Svobodova, Z., Luskova, V., & Machova, J. (2004). Effect of cadmium on hematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 72(4).
10. Farmer, D., Hill, I. R., & Maund, S. J. (1995). A comparison of the fate and effects of two pyrethroid insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin) in pond mesocosms. Ecotoxicology, 4(4), 219–244.
11. Gholami-Seyedkolaei, S. J., Mirvaghefi, A., Farahmand, H., & Kosari, A. A. (2013). Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide in Cyprinus carpio: assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity, hematological responses, and serum biochemical parameters. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 98, 135-141.
12. He, L. M., Troiano, J., Wang, A., & Goh, K. (2008). Environmental chemistry, ecotoxicity, and fate of lambda-cyhalothrin. In D. M. Whitacre (Ed.), Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology (Vol. 195, pp. 71–91). Springer.
13. Iftikhar, N., & Hashmi, I. (2021). Assessment of immunohematological, hematological, and biochemical responses in cultivable fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to an antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Journal of Water and Health, 19(1), 108119.
14. Jaffer, N. S., Rabee, A. M., & Al-Chalabi, S. M. (2017). Biochemical and hematological parameters and histological alterations in fish Cyprinus carpio L. as biomarkers for water pollution with chlorpyrifos. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(3), 605-616.
15. Kavitha, C., Ramesh, M., Kumaran, S. S., & Lakshmi, S. A. (2012). Toxicity of Moringa oleifera seed extract on some hematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 64(7-8), 681-687.
16. Kaya, H., Çelik, E. Ş., Yılmaz, S., Tulgar, A., Akbulut, M., & Demir, N. (2015). Hematological, serum biochemical, and immunological responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio ) exposed to phosalone. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 24, 497507.
17. Korkmaz, N., Uğurer, O., & Örün, İ. (2023). Toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme systems of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. Ecotoxicology, 32(5), 646-655.
18. Lutnicka, H., Bojarski, B., Ludwikowska, A., Wrońska, D., Kamińska, T., Szczygieł, J., ... & Formicki, G. (2016). Hematological alterations as a response to exposure to selected fungicides in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Folia Biologica (Kraków), 64(4), 235-244.
19. Maund, S. J., Hamer, M. J., Warinton, J. S., & Kedwards, T. J. (1998). Aquatic ecotoxicology of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin: Considerations for higher‐tier aquatic risk assessment. Pesticide science, 54(4), 408-417.
20. Naz, S., Hussain, R., Ullah, Q., Chatha, A. M. M., Shaheen, A., & Khan, R. U. (2021). Toxic effects of some heavy metals on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Catla catla). Environmental science and pollution research, 28, 65336539.
21. Oropesa, A. L., García Cambero, J. P., Gomez, L., Roncero, V., & Soler, F. (2009). Effect of long-term exposure to simazine on histopathology, hematological, and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 24(2), 187-199.
22. Qayoom, I., Balkhi, M. H., Shah, F. A., & Bhat, B. A. (2018). Toxicological evaluation and effects of organophosphate compounds on the hematological profile of juvenile common carps (Cyprinus carpio var. Communis). Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52(10), 1469-1475.
23. Ramesh, M., & Saravanan, M. (2008). Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, exposed to chlorpyrifos. International journal of integrative biology, 3(1), 80-83.
24. Rezaei, M., Mashinchian Moradi, A., Mortazavi, P., & Jamili, S. (2020). Effects of chronic exposure to carbamazepine on hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio. Iranian journal of fisheries sciences, 19(1), 443-456.
25. Saravanan, M., Kumar, K. P., & Ramesh, M. (2011). Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane. Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology, 100(3), 206-211.
26. Sepici-Dinçel, A., Benli, A. Ç. K., Selvi, M., Sarıkaya, R., Şahin, D., Özkul, I. A., & Erkoç, F. (2009). Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: biochemical, hematological, and histopathological alterations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(5), 1433-1439.
27. Thangam, Y., Jayaprakash, S., & Perumayee, M. (2014). Effect of copper toxicity on hematological parameters of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(9), 50-60.
28. Velisek, J., Stara, A., Kolarova, J., & Svobodova, Z. (2011). Biochemical, physiological, and morphological responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after long-term exposure to terbutryn in real environmental concentration. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100(3), 305-313.
29. Vinodhini, R., & Narayanan, M. (2009). The impact of toxic heavy metals on the hematological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 6(1), 23-28.
30. Wakil, W., Kavallieratos, N.G., Eleftheriadou, N., Haider, S.A., Qayyum, M.A., Tahir, M., Rasool, K.G., Husain, M., & Aldawood, A.S. (2024). A winning formula: sustainable control of three stored-product insects through paired combinations of entomopathogenic fungus, diatomaceous earth, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 31, 15364 - 15378.
31. Witeska, M., Kondera, E., Szymańska, M., & Ostrysz, M. (2010). Hematological Changes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after Short-Term Lead (Pb) Exposure. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(4).
32. Woo, S. J., Kim, N. Y., Kim, S. H., Ahn, S. J., Seo, J. S., Jung, S. H., ... & Chung, J. K. (2018). Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 209, 18-27.
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2019-12-20
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